Holden Caulfied in The Catcher in the Rye :: Essays Papers

Holden Caulfied Which Character Gives Us Who He IsHolden Caulfield, the main character in J.D. Salinger?s The Catcher in the Rye, is very complex, mentally and emotionally. The readers of the novel would not be able to understand Holden as much as they do, if it was not for Holden?s deceased younger brother Allie. Although Allie is never actually met in the novel, Holden?s discussions about him and his ?conversations? with him help us understand Holden better. It may seem strange that a dead character would shed so much light on a living one, but Holden had a strong bond with Allie, one that he refuses to give up. Our first introduction to Allie is early in the book when Holden is writing a paper for his roommate Stradlater. Holden writes about his brother?s baseball mitt, a very personal object that sheds light on how much Holden loved Allie. Writing this composition provokes him to say, ?It wasn?t just that he was the most intelligent outgrowth of the family. He was also the nic est, in a lot of ways.? It becomes very clear right away that Holden loved and respected Allie, and was very sad that he was gone. As previously stated, Holden had a bond with Allie that he refuses to give up. The night after he died, Holden punched out all of the windows in the garage and even broke his hand. The signs gull?t stop there, though. After Holden ordered a prostitute in New York and decided he didn?t want her services, he was feeling sort of depressed. He said, ?I felt so depressed you can?t imagine. What I did, I started talking, sort of out loud, to Allie. I do that sometimes when I get very depressed.? This is the first major indication that Holden has rather severe emotional problems. Holden inability to give up his relationship with his brother is very interesting. wizard of the main reasons that Holden liked Allie so much was because of his innocence and his purity. Since Allie died at a young age, he died with innocence and he will be forever innocent. Holden never wanted Allie to change. We know this because he said, ?Certain things they should stay the way they are. You ought to be able to stick them in one of those big glass cases and just vanish them alone.? Allie innocence and Holden?

Computers And Finance :: essays research papers fc

     Computers have made monetary bookkeeping much easier, and population no longer have to spend hours tracking investments or pay someone else to do their taxes. Moreover, the advancement in technology has allowed governments to cut back on the number of big companies and employees hired to process tax returns, resulting in the saving of millions of dollars. Although these advancements are extraordinary, they are not without their shortcomings. The IRS has had increased bustle in tracking fraudulent tax returns, and has had to revamp its detection system.     The most surprising die of Microsofts current purchase of Intuit, the maker of the animise line of ad hominem finance software was not the $1.5 billion price, which was fifty percent over the market apprize (Schlender 14). It was not even the fact that Bill Gates, Americas richest entrepreneur, is in a position to become Americas richest banker (14). The most surprising thing wa s that it did not happen earlier (14). For eld Gates has had a vision of putting "electronic commerce at the core of personal computing," and now he finally has the software to accompany that dream (14). His idea includes a "Wallet PC" that can be carried around with people at all times (14). Microsoft believes that it can provide what executive VP mike Maples refers to as a "whole smart value twine" that will allow customers to interact by modem with banks, insurance companies, pension funds, etc. (14). Quicken is already being used by six million people to pay bills, manage credit, write checks, and handle taxes (14). For those of you scoring at home, it has 5.2 million more users than Microsofts funds software (14). That is a prime reason that Gates fundamentally wanted to give up the product and donate it to his competitor Novell (14).     Programs such as Quicken are excellent for keeping track of what is spent at home, that ca n be a big hassle for keeping track of the currency spent on business trips (Baig 20). One way to adjudicate the problem would be to pass on a notebook computer with Quicken on it, but as Edward Baig states "Its just not practical to boot up a laptop each time I step out of a locomote" (20). Intuit has released Pocket Quicken, a "Quicken Lite" for those who carry around digital assistants to help alleviate that problem (20). Pocket Quicken is built into the new Hewlett-Packard 200LX palmtop, the Tandy/Casio Zoomer PDAs, and the AST Gridpad 2390, but is not sold as a adjourn product just yet (20).Computers And Finance essays research papers fc      Computers have made financial bookkeeping much easier, and people no longer have to spend hours tracking investments or pay someone else to do their taxes. Moreover, the advancement in technology has allowed governments to cut back on the number of big companies and employees hired to process ta x returns, resulting in the saving of millions of dollars. Although these advancements are extraordinary, they are not without their shortcomings. The IRS has had increased trouble in tracking fraudulent tax returns, and has had to revamp its detection system.     The most surprising part of Microsofts current purchase of Intuit, the maker of the Quicken line of personal finance software was not the $1.5 billion price, which was fifty percent over the market value (Schlender 14). It was not even the fact that Bill Gates, Americas richest entrepreneur, is in a position to become Americas richest banker (14). The most surprising thing was that it did not happen earlier (14). For years Gates has had a dream of putting "electronic commerce at the core of personal computing," and now he finally has the software to accompany that dream (14). His idea includes a "Wallet PC" that can be carried around with people at all times (14). Microsoft believes that it can provide what executive VP Mike Maples refers to as a "whole new value chain" that will allow customers to interact by modem with banks, insurance companies, pension funds, etc. (14). Quicken is already being used by six million people to pay bills, manage credit, write checks, and handle taxes (14). For those of you scoring at home, it has 5.2 million more users than Microsofts Money software (14). That is a prime reason that Gates basically wanted to give up the product and donate it to his competitor Novell (14).     Programs such as Quicken are excellent for keeping track of what is spent at home, but can be a big hassle for keeping track of the money spent on business trips (Baig 20). One way to solve the problem would be to carry a notebook computer with Quicken on it, but as Edward Baig states "Its just not practical to boot up a laptop each time I step out of a taxi" (20). Intuit has released Pocket Quicken, a "Quicken Lite" for those who carry around digital assistants to help alleviate that problem (20). Pocket Quicken is built into the new Hewlett-Packard 200LX palmtop, the Tandy/Casio Zoomer PDAs, and the AST Gridpad 2390, but is not sold as a separate product just yet (20).

Jane Addams Essay -- Biography Biographies essays research papers

The late 1800s was a time when many immigrants were coming to America, social classes were being distinguished, and a great deal of prejudice was sweeping everywhere the United States. The upper and middle classes had extreme advantages over the lower class, which consisted of a large number of immigrants. These lower class individuals were looked down upon by the prestigious upper class, who were brought up with the best of everything for their time period. Despite her familys honorable place in society, one woman rose above the gap between the classes in order to help individuals, who were less fortunate than she. Her name was Jane Addams and this paper will focus on her tone-long contributions to help the poor.Jane Addams was born on September 6, 1860, in Illinois. Her flummox died when she was only three years old leaving her with only a father and 8 siblings. Her father became her backbone of her conduct and was responsible for her learning of the irate conditions that man y less fortunate people were forced to live with. He was the first thing that made her want to help others. She was devoted to and profoundly influenced by her father, an idealist and philanthropist of Quaker tendencies and a state senator of Illinois for16 years (Gale 54).Her determination was seen early in her life. Even though many women were advised not to go to college because they were meant for marriage and not education, at the age of 17, Addams enrolled into a woman college c wholeed Rockford Seminary. During her 4 years at Rockford, she took courses in German, Latin, Greek, history, literature, algebra, and trigonometry. She also studied science-geology, chemistry, mineralogy, and astronomy-as well as music, doctrine and Bible history ( Kittredge 34). On top of taking these difficult courses, she scored nearly perfect in almost every class. Knowing that her goal in life was to benefit others in some form or another, after graduating from Rockford, she went to the Womens Me dical College of Philadelphia. Unfortunately, her stay in this college was short-lived because depression and a back mental process caused her to drop out.Besides being educated in academics, she wanted to learn about peopleall types of people. She did this by traveling abroad in atomic number 63 for a few years. While in London, she came across a settlement house called Toynbee. Here, she was impress... ...obel Peace Prize. Now 71 years old, she had at last get official recognition for her tireless efforts on behalf of peace (Kittredge 99). Addams was the second woman to receive the Nobel Peace Prize, however she was not able to accept it in mortal because she was in the hospital awaiting lung surgery. With her earnings for this honor she divided the money between Hull House and The International League for Peace.On May 21, 1935, cancer consumed the life of Jane Addams. Many were greatly grieved by the loss. At Hull House where Addamss body lay in state a stream of neighbors, f riends, and admirers filed past her jewel casket at a rate of 2000 per hour (Kittredge 105). This showed how powerful this woman was to the lives of many in the American Society.In conclusion, this woman was a pioneer to the wealthy all over the world. Her message was to reach out and help someone who is in need of your help. Although this happened decades ago, the message is still clear in the world today. Many of us should look at the life of this woman and see how we could apply it to everyday life. If everyone exerted as much compassion as this woman did than the world would be a much better place.

Hiroshima :: essays research papers

The first most powerful bomb, which is called the atom bomb, was dropped on terrible 6 , 1945. In a city located in Japan, called Hiroshima. With these facts and the information ive read from this one book called "Hiroshima" I have a very fast(a) opinion which I will speak of now. I think that the atomic bomb which was dropped on Hiroshima was a petty, childish way of trying to win a war. It was inhuman, so horrible that anyone whom lived through it, would most likely be traumatized for the rest of their living lives. I dont think what the Americans did was very right at all. If they wanted a war, not that war is a way to solve anything, then they should have fought the old fashioned way. Rather than ruining so many peoples lives. Atomic bombs be not something that should even be in existence, but they are. Theres really nothing we can do about them, because of the more powerful people in this world. They obtain this extraordinary weapons to be their only defense. But I think its pathetic. They go off an kill so many people, and wounded the rest. They brought many cities to destruction and salute them millions of dollars to rebuild. You just cant toy with peoples lives like that. I think it should be illegal. If they wanted to harm certain people, then fight it out with them. Dont kill innocent peoples lives. If they knew the huge danger and effects of this new bomb, then they shouldnt have done it. Perhaps they could have found a different way to finish this all.Critical Appraisal- "Z for Zachariah" and "Hiroshima"In my personal opinion "Z for Zachariah" could have been a bit more accurate in which ways they made the radiation affect people. First off, in "Hiroshima", which was a true story, not all the people died from the radiation, yes they got very ill from it. Such as fevers, vomiting, hair loss, white blood count going up and down, etc. But most of them died from all the wounds from the bomb. And the radiati on didnt kill and poison all the things within the bomb as it did in "Z". "Hiroshima" had alot more congress about how the radiation effect the people physically than "Z" did. They were pretty close to getting the same idea of what happens when people get radiation, but they missed quite a few points.

The Prince And The Pauper :: essays research papers

The Prince and the PauperOn an autumn day in the ancient city of London, in the mo quarter of sixteenth century, a boy was born(p) to a poor family of the predict Canty. On the same day another English baby was born of a rich family of the name of Tudor. There was talk in England astir(predicate) the new baby, Edward Tudor, Prince of Wales, who lapped in silk and satin. While on the other hand tom turkey Canty, who lapped in his poor rags, was seen as trouble.For cardinal years, Tom Canty lived in place where it is narrow and dirty, which is not far from London Bridge. He lived with his two sisters, Bet and Nan, with his begetter and grandmother and his mother who is a beggar. They get their income by begging and stealing things that can be reused. Tom spends his time listening to father Andrews old tales, legends and stories virtually gorgeous kings and prince. Because of this, he dreamt of sightedness a real prince and sometimes he would even dream of becoming a prince him self. So one day his dreams study him to the castle.In the castle the prince was playing. When he saw Tom, he commanded the guard to let him in and so the guard opens the gate and Tom entered with amazement. The prince entertained Tom and asked questions about him. Tom answered his questions and even state stories about the place he lived in. They became at ease to each other that they decided to exchange their garments. Then they stood before the mirror and they were so alike that it seems that in that respect was no change at all. Then the prince called the guard because he noticed the soldier had hurt Toms finger. But then, when the guard arrived he thought that the pauper was hurting the prince so the prince was dragged out of the palace. The pauper was shocked and so helpless. But before it happened the prince kept the seal on his desired placed. Now the poor petty prince walked away from his palace and research for the home where Tom had described to him. He walked and wal ked and sought for peoples help, but no one believed him except for Miles Hendon. On the other hand, Tom told stories to the members of the palace about what had happened and he told them that he was just a pauper but they didnt believe him.The Prince And The Pauper essays research papers The Prince and the PauperOn an autumn day in the ancient city of London, in the second quarter of sixteenth century, a boy was born to a poor family of the name Canty. On the same day another English baby was born of a rich family of the name of Tudor. There was talk in England about the new baby, Edward Tudor, Prince of Wales, who lapped in silk and satin. While on the other hand Tom Canty, who lapped in his poor rags, was seen as trouble.For fifteen years, Tom Canty lived in place where it is narrow and dirty, which is not far from London Bridge. He lived with his two sisters, Bet and Nan, with his father and grandmother and his mother who is a beggar. They get their income by begging and stea ling things that can be reused. Tom spends his time listening to father Andrews old tales, legends and stories about gorgeous kings and prince. Because of this, he dreamt of seeing a real prince and sometimes he would even dream of becoming a prince himself. So one day his dreams carry him to the castle.In the castle the prince was playing. When he saw Tom, he commanded the guard to let him in and so the guard opens the gate and Tom entered with amazement. The prince entertained Tom and asked questions about him. Tom answered his questions and even said stories about the place he lived in. They became at ease to each other that they decided to exchange their garments. Then they stood before the mirror and they were so alike that it seems that there was no change at all. Then the prince called the guard because he noticed the soldier had hurt Toms finger. But then, when the guard arrived he thought that the pauper was hurting the prince so the prince was dragged out of the palace. Th e pauper was shocked and so helpless. But before it happened the prince kept the seal on his desired placed. Now the poor little prince walked away from his palace and search for the home where Tom had described to him. He walked and walked and sought for peoples help, but no one believed him except for Miles Hendon. On the other hand, Tom told stories to the members of the palace about what had happened and he told them that he was just a pauper but they didnt believe him.

The Prince And The Pauper :: essays research papers

The Prince and the PauperOn an autumn daytime in the ancient urban center of London, in the second quarter of sixteenth century, a boy was born to a poor family of the name Canty. On the akin day an new(prenominal) incline baby was born of a rich family of the name of Tudor. There was talk in England about the new baby, Edward Tudor, Prince of Wales, who lapped in silk and satin. eyepatch on the other overturn turkey cock Canty, who lapped in his poor rags, was seen as trouble.For fifteen years, Tom Canty lived in place where it is narrow and dirty, which is not farthest from London Bridge. He lived with his cardinal sisters, Bet and Nan, with his develop and grandmother and his mother who is a beggar. They get their income by begging and stealing things that can be reused. Tom spends his time listening to father Andrews old tales, legends and stories about gorgeous kings and prince. Because of this, he dreamt of seeing a real prince and sometimes he would even dream of s eemly a prince himself. So unmatchable day his dreams carry him to the castle.In the castle the prince was playing. When he saw Tom, he commanded the adjudge to let him in and so the guard opens the gate and Tom entered with amazement. The prince socialise Tom and asked questions about him. Tom answered his questions and even said stories about the place he lived in. They became at ease to each other that they decided to exchange their garments. accordingly they stood before the mirror and they were so alike that it seems that there was no change at all. Then the prince called the guard because he discover the soldier had hurt Toms finger. however then, when the guard arrived he thought that the pauper was hurting the prince so the prince was dragged out of the palace. The pauper was shocked and so helpless. But before it happened the prince kept the seal of approval on his desired placed. forthwith the poor little prince walked away from his palace and search for the home w here Tom had described to him. He walked and walked and sought for peoples help, but no one believed him except for Miles Hendon. On the other hand, Tom told stories to the members of the palace about what had happened and he told them that he was just a pauper but they didnt believe him.The Prince And The Pauper essays research papers The Prince and the PauperOn an autumn day in the ancient city of London, in the second quarter of sixteenth century, a boy was born to a poor family of the name Canty. On the same day another English baby was born of a rich family of the name of Tudor. There was talk in England about the new baby, Edward Tudor, Prince of Wales, who lapped in silk and satin. While on the other hand Tom Canty, who lapped in his poor rags, was seen as trouble.For fifteen years, Tom Canty lived in place where it is narrow and dirty, which is not far from London Bridge. He lived with his two sisters, Bet and Nan, with his father and grandmother and his mother who is a b eggar. They get their income by begging and stealing things that can be reused. Tom spends his time listening to father Andrews old tales, legends and stories about gorgeous kings and prince. Because of this, he dreamt of seeing a real prince and sometimes he would even dream of becoming a prince himself. So one day his dreams carry him to the castle.In the castle the prince was playing. When he saw Tom, he commanded the guard to let him in and so the guard opens the gate and Tom entered with amazement. The prince entertained Tom and asked questions about him. Tom answered his questions and even said stories about the place he lived in. They became at ease to each other that they decided to exchange their garments. Then they stood before the mirror and they were so alike that it seems that there was no change at all. Then the prince called the guard because he noticed the soldier had hurt Toms finger. But then, when the guard arrived he thought that the pauper was hurting the prince so the prince was dragged out of the palace. The pauper was shocked and so helpless. But before it happened the prince kept the seal on his desired placed. Now the poor little prince walked away from his palace and search for the home where Tom had described to him. He walked and walked and sought for peoples help, but no one believed him except for Miles Hendon. On the other hand, Tom told stories to the members of the palace about what had happened and he told them that he was just a pauper but they didnt believe him.

Utilizing Leadership and Communication in Management

Communication and utile drawship are widely considered to be the major(ip) challenges facing managers in the twentieth century in their respective workplace. It is crucial in any concern scenario for an effective leader to be a fluent, competent and expert communicator. In essence, this back be utilize to all leadership scenarios whether it is organisational, recreational or even military based. If not utilised properly, the situation of a manager who is lacking mention communication qualities can easily lead to the downfall of the organisation.It therefore gives credence to the mind that a successful organisation is one who utilises the methods of upright leadership and effective communication in their internal and external management. The service of communication is defined as an interpersonal process of sending and receiving symbols with messages attached to them (Schermerhorn 2011, p. 457). This in a service equal to(p) sense is the capacity to convey a persons verbal or non-verbal messages to achieve an understanding of what they require (Brown & Cliquet 2008).This can be in the variation of verbal conversation stating tasks that a person is required to do or in the non-verbal form which is usually in the system of body language to underline certain verbal directions. In terms of a phone line organisation, the manager must be effective in their communication otherwise their directions pull up stakes be lost to either the employee, stakeholders or even the clients (Schermerhorn, 2011). This would lead to the event that managers passing of information is only successful when they are actively heavy the employee in regards to a task that they have to undertake.This can be in the form of active listening sessions or improving the means of communication. This can be through improving communication techniques in technology or closing barriers which are hindering effective communication (Schermerhorn 2011 p. 460 467). This theory must be utiliz e to many businesses and organisations around the world because without the necessary effective communication, information cannot be passed on therefore leading to a stagnation of possibly crucial real(a) (Bratton et. l, 2007). Senior Professor at the University of Auckland Peter Boxall suggests that in regards to communication with human resources across transnational corporations that Communication is the attempt to build constructive relationships with trade unionsbroad ranging countersign are held with extensive information provided to the unions on a whole range of discussions. Emphasis is also placed on techniques designed to enhance individual employee consignment to the firm (Boxall, 1995 p. 6-57). This quote suggests that to maintain a successful relationship between transnational trade unions, you must have apt communication from the executives to the workers otherwise the liquefy of material pass on become stagnant and the information will not be passed (Boxall, 1995 ). An example poor communication can be attributed to Michelle Smebys faux pas study of a fortune 100 company named Holistic Change Ltd.They had neglected to tell the stakeholders of potential changes in the information technology section of the workplace which would vastly improve the effectiveness and efficiency of the workplace (Schermerhorn 2011), (Smeby 2011). Holistic Change Ltd. could have handled the situation better if they had planned the change including informing the stakeholders so they could institute a formative assessment on whether it would be beneficial to the company (Smeby 2011).It proved to be a hindrance to the company which led to a reducing to their share price. This was due to the shareholders not possessing a full access of all the information that the company was retaining leading to an uncertainty of future projections and profits (Smeby 2011). Many businesses perish to implement effective communication techniques due to the occurrence that the traini ng initiatives and education could become very expensive and is usually regarded an unimportant part of the daily management of a company (Bratton, 2007).This does not just apply from the managers to the employees of an organisation, but it also applies with the organisations communication skills with the customer (Peterson, 2006 p. 36). It is stating that it is necessary in an organisation without proper communication with the customers, it will un up to(p) to either sell its goods or services. The Business extension Complete journal article reflections are identical to the statements regarding the importance of effective communication with customer by suggesting that in the approach of want ew customers, the organisation has to undertake four key tactics. These include media relations, speaking opportunities, media partnerships and special events (Weber & Chadwick, 2004). Because the organisation is actively seeking out ways to express their company through methods of communicat ion, it will most likely succeed in the objective of gaining new customers to improve revenue (Business writer Complete, 2004). This therefore gives credence to the fact that effective communication is necessary in the success of an organisation.In response to effective communication with to employees, it is crucial to apply with the effective and high-octane communication skills which are stated by Schermerhorn as the intended meaning of the source and the perceived meaning of the receiver are identical which occurs at minimum cost (Schermerhorn 2011, p. 458). This therefore leads on to suggest that effective communication is derived from profound leadership due to the fact that if someone in a position of indicator can effectively delegate tasks they must be able to motivate, leading and be able to reduce the barriers of effective communication.Leadership is defined by Schermerhorn (2011) as the process of arousing enthusiasm and directing efforts towards organisational goals. Therefore, without proper communication skills, a manager will not be able to convey their instructions and therefore, makes the development of a leader stagnant. Claire Oldfield states her journal article that Leadership unites people, develops opportunities and, crucially in these difficult times, ensures survival (Oldfield C 2008, p. 69).This suggests that it is not only a way of future monetary successes, but a way to ensure that the organisation will survive during turbulent financial times (Oldfield 2008). Chadwick (2006) in Leadership in Business Development states that Successful business development leaders have a passion for their mission, and it generally shows in almost everything they do. By their positive attitude, intellectual quickness and exemplary work ethic, they recreate and lead the folks around them (Chadwick 2006, p. 1) This shows that a leader must show some inspiration to the team in order for them to perform the tasks well.If the leader is able to communi cate their vision in such a way that the employees will commit their resources into achieving an idealic solution for the manager, this will result in effective and good leadership (Schermerhorn 2011, p. 340). It also suggests that a leader must have the mental capacity to be able to inspire through motivation due to the fact that they are striving for the same result as the employee. Gage (2008) states in his journal article that the necessary leadership is one which strives on the use of fix and legitimate power (Gage 2008, p. ) (Schermerhorn 2011, p. 341). Schermerhorn (2011) defines reward power as the capacity to offer something of value as a way of influencing them. This is a practical sense is the ability to make an employee work to the managers standards by the use of offering an incentive (Schermerhorn 2011). This can be in the form of offering them an award or a stipend bonus. Schermerhorn (2011) defines the use of legitimate power as the capacity to influence other peo ple by virtue of formal authority, or rights of office (Schermerhorn 2011, p. 341).If the manager was able to exert his power by utilising these methods, there is no doubt that the workers of the organisation will work more effectively and efficiently because of the incentive which is offered for their services. There is secernate to suggest that leadership is helpful in any management scenario, but Peter Boxall states that It takes strong executive leadership to bring about positive patterns of study relations. In the end, it is the senior leadership of companies that should be responsible for the quality of employment relations (Boxall 1995 p. 303).This quote by management professor Peter Boxall gives credence to the fact that it is necessary that without proper leadership, there will be no guidance for the rest of the team concluding to an inability to perform the tasks which are needed (Boxall 1995, p. 303). This will only hinder the process of management and can possibly lead to the termination of the organisation (Schermerhorn, 2011). In conclusion, communication and effective leadership considered to be the major challenges facing managers in the 20thcentury. It is crucial in any management scenario for an effective leader to be a fluent, competent and expert communicator.In essence, this can be applied to all leadership scenarios, but if not utilised properly can easily lead to the downfall of the organisation. A manager needs to also be a motivator through their leadership and communication skills because this is proven to the most effective way of getting the most efficient results from the employees. It therefore gives credence to the idea that a successful organisation is one who utilises the ideas of leadership and communication in their internal and external management effectively. Reference ListBoxall, P 1997, The Challenge of Human imagery Management, Longman Paul Ltd. , Auckland, NZ Bratton, J & Gold, J 2007, Human Resource Management Theor y and Practice, Palgrave Macmillanm New York, NY Brown, R & Cliquet F 2008, Communication of Business mathematical operation Models, BP Trends, Vol. 10, none 9, accessed 3 October 2011, Business Source Complete Chadwick, S 2006, Leadership in Business Development, Printing Impressions, Vol. 49, No. 5, p. 114-115, accessed 3 October 2011, Business Source Complete Oldfield, C 2008, Leadership, Director. co. uk, Vol. 62, No. 4, p. 9, accessed 3 October 2011, Business Source Complete Peterson, K 2004, Effective Communication promotes Business, Kitchen and Bath Design News, Vol. 16, No. 12, accessed 3 October, Business Source Complete Ritchie, M 2008, Leadership for Business, Manitoba Business, Vol. 30, No. 1, p. 5, accessed 3 October 2011, Business Source Complete Schermerhorn et. al 2011, Management, butt Wiley & Sons, Milton, QLD Weber & Chadwick Hong Kong 2004, Product & Promotion Marketing Communications Business, Media, Vol. 62, No. 21, accessed 3 October, Business Source Compl ete

Rational Performance Testing

how-do-you-do World sane exertion rai light uponr Get to the bottom of finish instruction execution issues Skill Level modal(a) Dennis Schultz (dennis. emailprotected ibm. com) Marketing mastermind IBM 12 Mar 2007 This tutorial in the Hello World series introduces you to IBM discerning effect pick upr and highlights its basic features. Practical, hands-on exercises descry out you how to record automated exploit streamlets, use data-driven techniques to ensure randomization, play-back running gameings, and evaluate real- judgment of conviction performance reports.Upon completing the tutorial you ordain be able to use noetic transaction examiner to determine the cause of performance problems in your coats. instalment 1. Before you start About this series The Hello World series is for beginner developers who want a high- take, hands-on overview of IBM softw be products. whole(prenominal) tutorial in the series provides simple exercises and step-by-step instruc tions to familiarize you with the components and use of a fussy product. Upon completing a tutorial in the Hello World series you provide know enough about the product to begin exploring and using it on your own.About this tutorial This tutorial uses hands-on exercises to familiarize you with able carrying into action Rational act evidenceer Copy chastise IBM sens 1994, 2008. All rights reserved. varlet 1 of 26 developerWorks ibm. com/developerWorks examiner. Step-by-step instructions teach you how to record an automated performance test, enhance the test using built-in data-driven techniques, play-back the test as part of a performance schedule, and evaluate real-time reports to determine the root cause of a performance problem. The maximum estimated running time for the tutorial is three hours. ObjectivesAfter completing this tutorial you should picture the basic functions of Rational accomplishment quizzer and be able to use it to discover and analyze performance prob lems in your coatings. Prerequisites This tutorial is for testers new to test mechanisation and unfamiliar with Rational executing tester. As you be taking the tutorial, you so-and-so practice the steps yourself if you have annoy to the milieu the tutorial requires. If you dont have access to the environment, you can still read the tutorial and view the joyous expresss. You just wont be able to try the steps for yourself.The easiest way to access the tutorial environment is through the Rational Performance quizzer online ladder body created for the tutorial. The trial system uses the Citrix Access Platform to provide you with a connection from your workstation to a remote server running Rational Performance Tester, meshworkSphere Application Server 6. 0, and the attempt application to be tested. If you choose to set up the tutorial environment on your own cable car, please use the Hello World Rational Performance Tester (for downloadable trial code) version of this tu torial that is written for this purpose.In order to view the animated demos for the tutorial you must enable JavaScript in your browser and inst altogether Macromedia Flash Player 6 or higher. animate demos If this is your first encounter with a developerWorks tutorial that includes animated demos you might want to know a few things about them Demos are an optional way to run across the steps described in the tutorial done for you. To view an animated demo, suction s direct the given institute me link and the demo impart open in a new browser window. Each demo contains a navigation bar at the bottom of the screen.Use the navigation bar to pause, exit, rewind, or fast-forward portions of the demo. Rational Performance Tester Page 2 of 26 procure IBM Corporation 1994, 2008. All rights reserved. ibm. com/developerWorks developerWorks The demos are 800 x 600 pixels. If this is the maximum resolution of your screen or if your resolution is lower than this then you provide have to archive to see some areas of the demo. You must have JavaScript enabled in your browser and Macromedia Flash Player 6 or higher inst eached to view the demos. Section 2. Getting started Overview of Rational Performance TesterIBM Rational Performance Tester, hereafter known as Performance Tester, is a performance test creation, execution, and analysis tool that helps training teams validate the scalability and dependability of their Web-based applications before deployment. Many of Performance Testers features have been explicitly designed with the novice load tester in mind. Performance Tester allows you to use one of some(prenominal) Web browsers ( earnings Explorer, Mozilla, or Firefox) to test a Web-based application. The results of your interaction are captured and record on the operating system of your choice (Windows or Linux).The test is presented in a concise tree-based editor that is capable of exposing underlying details to the expert on an as needed basis. Test scripts are then grouped together in various combinations to reflect the multiple types of user that comprise the projected user population. You can specify the number of simulated system users at execution time. Test execution is accompanied by easy-to-read, real-time reports that update throughout the test run. Bottlenecks based on metrics such as round-trip performance, transaction rates, and system diagnostics are highlighted in these reports.You can also use Performance Tester to further identify the root cause of poor performance problems from the computer hardware- or software-component level through advanced re ancestor monitoring and response-time tracking. Although this tutorial focuses on interrogation a J2EE, Web-based application, you can use Performance Tester to test any Web-based application. You can also extend Performance Tester to test the performance of additional application types such as Siebel, SAP, and Citrix (see Resources). Setting up the tutorial environm ent Rational Performance Tester right of first publication IBM Corporation 1994, 2008.All rights reserved. Page 3 of 26 developerWorks ibm. com/developerWorks As previously mentioned, the easiest way to access this tutorial is through the online trial system developed using the Citrix Access Platform. The trial system gives you free access to Performance Tester, WebSphere Application Server 6. 0, and the bet on builder have application, and minimizes your installation and flesh time for the tutorial. Once you have registered for the online trial system, installed the Citrix Metaframe Presentation Server, and logged into the server, you are ready to begin.Performance Tester will launch in a Citrix client session and will appear just as if it were running on your local desktop. You can interact with it just as you would if it were installed topically. The countdown clock on the Rational Test pack Environment Web page will keep track of the time remaining in your session. If you c hoose to set up the tutorial environment locally you will need to install and tack Rational Performance Tester and WebSphere Application Server 6. 0 in your workstation. Note that the Adventure Builder sample application use by this tutorial is only available with WebSphere Application Server 6. , non 6. 1. You should also allow additional time to create and configure a project in which to store your test artifacts before starting. The tutorial is written from the assumption that you are using the online trial system. Performance Tester and eclipse Performance Tester is based on the open-source Eclipse platform. Eclipse provides a rich working environment for some(prenominal) tools, both open source and commercial, including many of the offerings of the Rational Software Delivery Platform such as Rational Software Architect, Rational Application Developer for WebSphere Software, and Rational Functional Tester (see Resources).This provides a common user experience for tooling acr oss the software development life cycle. Not only are these tools all based on Eclipse, but often times they actually share the homogeneous shell. In new(prenominal) words, the capability of each of these tools is presented to the user as a new perspective in the same shell. A perspective is a consolidation of tools and views focused on one particular task. The perspective for Performance Tester is known as the Test perspective. As the name implies, the Test perspective provides views that are needed by a developer or QA professional focused on testing a software application or system.The tutorial workspace and sample projects Assuming you are using the online trial system, Performance Tester will be associated to a pre-configured workspace. A workspace can be any directory pickle where your work is stored. In your case, this workspace contains two projects. The first project is the Adventure Builder Application. This project contains the source code for the Adventure Builder sa mple application you will be testing. The application has already been deployed to WebSphere Application Server on the online trial system. The project is only in your workspace so that Rational Performance Tester Page 4 of 26 right of first publication IBM Corporation 1994, 2008. All rights reserved. ibm. com/developerWorks developerWorks Performance Tester can navigate to the source code later when you are attempting to find the root cause of a performance bottleneck. The irregularond project, Adventure Builder Performance Tests, is the test project you will use to store your tests, datapools, schedules, and results. If you blow a fuse the project, you will see several folders used to organize your test assets. You can add, remove, and customize folders as you like. There isnt much to examine in this project yet. You will look more(prenominal) than closely at it once you have recorded a test. inscribe 1. A Performance Tester workspace viewed in the Test Navigator Section 3. Re cord a test scenario Performance tests are most often created by recording your manual interactions with the system under test. In this section of the tutorial, you will use the automated HTTP recording machine to capture the scenario of interacting with the Adventure Builder sample application to construct a spend package and purchase it. The Adventure Builder application is already running in the online trial environment. All you need to do is connect to it through a Web browser while the recorder is engaged.Browser support Although you are using Internet Explorer in this tutorial, Performance Tester can work with any Web browser that supports SOCKS proxies. Performance Tester can mechanically launch Internet Explorer, Mozilla, and Firefox. Rational Performance Tester Copyright IBM Corporation 1994, 2008. All rights reserved. Page 5 of 26 developerWorks ibm. com/developerWorks Animated demo Would you like to see these steps present for you? me Show Start the recorder 1. Start the recorder by clicking Create a Test from Recording on the toolbar . This opens the Create New Test From Recording window. watch 2. The Create New Test From Recording window 2. Select HTTP Recording and click Next. Rational Performance Tester Page 6 of 26 Copyright IBM Corporation 1994, 2008. All rights reserved. ibm. com/developerWorks developerWorks 3. 4. On the next page of the wizard, destine Adventure Builder Performance Tests Tests as the location to create the file. Enter PurchaseIslandAdventure as the test-file name and click Finish. Figure 3. The Create New Test From Recording window, page 2 5. The recorder is engaged and Internet Explorer is launched to the Welcome to Performance Testing page.Clear the cache of temporary files by selecting Internet Explorer Tools Internet Options . Under Temporary Internet Files, click score out Cookies and confirm. Then click Delete Files. Check Delete all offline content and click OK to confirm. heel OK to dismiss the Internet Op tions window. 6. Rational Performance Tester Copyright IBM Corporation 1994, 2008. All rights reserved. Page 7 of 26 developerWorks ibm. com/developerWorks 7. Launch the Adventure Builder application by clicking the Adventure Builder waiver in the Internet Explorer Links toolbar. Figure 4. Launch the Adventure Builder applicationNavigate the application Animated demo Would you like to see these steps demonstrated for you? me Show Now that the recorder is engaged, you will navigate the application just as you normally would. 1. In the left navigation area of the page, click Island Adventures. Figure 5. Island Adventures link 2. Here you see an expanded list of island adventure trips. From the submenu on the Available Adventure parcel of lands page, click Maui Survival Adventure. Figure 6. Maui Survival Adventure link Rational Performance Tester Page 8 of 26 Copyright IBM Corporation 1994, 2008. All rights reserved. ibm. com/developerWorks eveloperWorks 3. This page takes you the options available for the package you have chosen. Click Select Package on the right side of the Adventure Package Details page. You are taken to the Package Options page. Here you can personalize your vacation package by changing the number of people, start date, number of days, etc. For now, just accept the defaults by clicking Set Package Options. On the Adventure Package Details page, click I Will Provide My Own Transportation. On the Adventure Package page, click bank check. Lets keep it simple for now on the indication On page, click Sign In as a returning customer.On the Enter post Details page, roller to the bottom and click Submit. After a moment, you will be taken to the Checkout page. Here you should see your order ID. Figure 7. The Order ID link on the Checkout page 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. Rational Performance Tester Copyright IBM Corporation 1994, 2008. All rights reserved. Page 9 of 26 developerWorks ibm. com/developerWorks Note that your order ID will be unique and wi ll not be exactly as shown here. Wait for several seconds after the take inout page loads, then lead on the status of your order by clicking on the Order ID link. 10.Once the Order Tracking Results page loads, close the browser. This will cause Performance Tester to begin generating the test based on the traffic it has captured. Section 4. go over and customize the test Performance Tester generates a test based on the HTTP traffic it captured during the recording. The test is much more than a simple HTTP decipher log, however. Behind the scenes, Performance Tester does a lot of processing to create a test that is robust, extensible, and easy to maintain. In this section, you will examine the generated test in greater detail and customize it to use unique data.Examine the test Animated demo Would you like to see these steps demonstrated for you? me Show The test is represent in a tree format in the left portion of the Test Editor view. Each top-level node in the tree represents a Web page visited during your recording session. The name of the node is based on the name of the Web page. Figure 8. The Test centers tree view Rational Performance Tester Page 10 of 26 Copyright IBM Corporation 1994, 2008. All rights reserved. ibm. com/developerWorks developerWorks 1. Expand the Welcome to the Adventure Builder Reference application node.Here is where the advanced performance test engineer can see all the details of the transactions behind the page. The first element is highlighted in blue to indicate that it is the primary prayer the take for the page HTML contents. Figure 9. The expanded page in the Test Contents tree view 2. Click on the Protocol info view in the bottom portion of the window, then Rational Performance Tester Copyright IBM Corporation 1994, 2008. All rights reserved. Page 11 of 26 developerWorks ibm. com/developerWorks click on the primary request highlighted in blue in the tree.The details of the request and its corresponding response ar e shown in the Request, Response Headers, and Response Content tabs of the Protocol Data view. The Browser tab even renders the contents of the selected element. Figure 10. The Browser tab in the Protocol Data view 3. Detailed discipline about the selected element is also presented in the right-hand portion of the Test Editor view. You can edit this data if you need to change the host, URL, request promontory values, or any another(prenominal) field. Automatic data correlation Animated demo Would you like to see these steps demonstrated for you? me ShowWeb applications tend to be passing dynamic. For example, in the scenario you recorded you placed an order for a vacation package and were given a unique order ID. You then used that order ID to check the status of your purchase. When you play-back this test, it will place another order and you will be given a different order ID. You would want Performance Tester to check the status of that new order ID, not the one you previously recorded. For that reason, Performance Tester performs automatic data correlation. That is, it looks at data parameters sent to the server and matches them up with prior response data from the server.Accessing the correlated data is easy. Rational Performance Tester Page 12 of 26 Copyright IBM Corporation 1994, 2008. All rights reserved. ibm. com/developerWorks developerWorks 1. bring out the Order Tracking Results node in the Test Contents area of the Performance Test view. Now right-click inside the Test Data area to the right and select Show References. Notice that the orderId field is being substituted with data from a prior response. Figure 11. Show References for data correlation 2. Double-click orderId. This takes you to the URL of the actual request for that page.Figure 12. Correlated data in the URL of a request 3. Right-click the highlighted string and select Go To. This takes you today to the orderId value in the response text of the Checkout request. During test play back, Performance Tester will substitute the orderId value it receives in this response for the orderId in the request for order tracking. Figure 13. Correlated data in the prior response Granted, you now know far more than you probably wanted to know about data correlation but that is the beauty of Performance Tester it does all this for youRational Performance Tester Copyright IBM Corporation 1994, 2008. All rights reserved. Page 13 of 26 developerWorks ibm. com/developerWorks without any hand coding or other effort on your part. Randomize the data Animated demo Would you like to see these steps demonstrated for you? me Show In performance testing it is intrinsic to be able to randomise the data being sent to the server. Modern Web applications have many layers of caching. If you were to emulate a thousand users using the application doing exactly the same thing, you would not observe typical performance behavior.Once the first emulated user performed the transaction, all the su bsequent users would be drawing schooling from the cache. For this reason, performance test engineers often spend much of their time configuring tests to pull random data from a datapool so that each emulated user uses unique information. Performance Tester automatically identifies likely candidates for datapool access and makes it possible to associate these fields with data sources you provide. 1. Select the Enter Adventure Package Details page node in the test contents. Notice in the Test Data area the start_month, start_year, and start_day parameters.These were the default values in the Options page, which were subsequently transmitted back to the server when the Set Package Options acquittance was clicked. Figure 14. Datapool candidates 2. 3. 4. Set up a datapool to randomize the values used by your virtual users when you play-back this test. Select start_month in the Test Data area. Click diversify From below the Test Data area. Select Datapool Value. Figure 15. Substitute start_month from the datapool variable Rational Performance Tester Page 14 of 26 Copyright IBM Corporation 1994, 2008. All rights reserved. ibm. com/developerWorks eveloperWorks 5. 6. 7. Click Add Datapool on the Select datapool column window. You will add an association to an existing datapool to this test. Select the existing VacationStartDates datapool and click Select. O.K. in the Select datapool column window, select start_month and click Use Column. Note that the Substituted with column next to the start_month variable now has a reference to the datapool column. Select start_year in the Test Data area. Repeat the process. This time you will not need to add the datapool reference just select start_year and click Use Column.Repeat the above surgical procedure for start_day. The three variable rows should be highlighted in green to indicate they are being substituted from the datapool and should show references in the Substituted with column. Figure 16. Variables substituted w ith datapool variables 8. 9. 10. Press Ctrl-S to save the test when finish. Rational Performance Tester Copyright IBM Corporation 1994, 2008. All rights reserved. Page 15 of 26 developerWorks ibm. com/developerWorks Section 5. Schedule a workload One of the keys to a booming performance test is the ability to accurately model the anticipated system workload.Software systems typically have various types of users that perform varied tasks. Performance Tester provides a graphical interface to enable you to model your user activities. Create a schedule Animated demo Would you like to see these steps demonstrated for you? me Show 1. Expand the Schedules folder and double-click the AdventureBuilderLoadTest schedule to open it in the Schedule Editor view. This is a schedule that has been partially completed for you. Figure 17. AdventureBuilderLoadTest schedule in Test Navigator view 2. Two user groups have already been defined in this schedule.As you can see from the annotations on the Schedule Contents, browsers represent 20 share of your emulated users while buyers represent 80 percent. Figure 18. Schedule Contents shows defined user groups Rational Performance Tester Page 16 of 26 Copyright IBM Corporation 1994, 2008. All rights reserved. ibm. com/developerWorks developerWorks 3. Expand the Browsers user group and all contained elements in the Schedule Contents. Figure 19. Details of the Browsers user group Performance Tester offers many advanced constructs to help you test the impact of a realistic load on your system.The hierarchy under the Browsers user group can be interpret as follows Each browser will peruse three adventure packages. Browsers will randomly choose to look at either mountain adventures or western adventures but are twice as likely to look at mountain adventures. The action of browsing the adventure category is emulated by tests that were recorded in much the same way you recorded your test. After looking at each category, a browser will wait 1000 milliseconds before browsing another category. 4. The Buyers group has not been completed.Use the test you recorded earlier as an implementation for the Buyers test. Click the Buyers user group. Click Add Test and select PurchaseIslandAdventure from the Select Performance Tests window. Save the AdventureBuilderLoadTest schedule. 5. Section 6. Run an automated performance test Rational Performance Tester Copyright IBM Corporation 1994, 2008. All rights reserved. Page 17 of 26 developerWorks ibm. com/developerWorks In this section you will learn how to execute your test against the Adventure Builder application and monitor the results. Launch the test Animated demoWould you like to see these steps demonstrated for you? me Show 1. Select the topmost node in the Schedule Contents that is, the AdventureBuilderLoadTest node. A number of execution options are available in the tabs on the right-hand portion of the Performance Schedule Editor view. You can specify the number of users you want to emulate in the tot up of users field on the General tab. Since the user groups in this schedule have been defined in terms of percentages, Performance Tester will do all the adjustments for you each time you change the size of your schedule. Leave the Number of users set to 5.The online trial environment is configured for a maximum of five emulated users and attempting to run with more users will result in a license error. Click Run on the toolbar. This launches your performance test. Figure 20. Run button on the toolbar 2. Monitor the test Animated demo Would you like to see these steps demonstrated for you? me Show While your test is running, you can monitor its progress in near real-time. The overall tab of the Performance Report view will show you test progress in the bar across the top. The bar graph will show the status code success rate for pages and elements.Both should show 100%. While the test is running you can browse the various tabs on the report to see what is happening. 1. Select the Summary tab along the bottom of the report. Basic statistics about the test run, pages, and page elements are given here. Note that these statistics will continue to update until the run has completed. Rational Performance Tester Page 18 of 26 Copyright IBM Corporation 1994, 2008. All rights reserved. ibm. com/developerWorks developerWorks 2. 3. Select the Page Performance tab. This tab presents a bar graph of the average page response time for the 10 pages with the highest times.Feel free to browse through the other report pages. The default information presented is comparatively easy to read and gives you quick insights into the performance of Adventure Builder application. Note that the graph on the Resources tab will be blank this is expected. When the test has finished (note the progress bar on the Overall tab), go back to the Page Performance tab. You should notice that the Checkout page is considerably slower than any of the other pages. 4. Section 7. Analyze the root cause At this point, you have successfully used Performance Tester to uncover a performance problem in your application.The next question you will ask yourself is, What is causing the problem? To get to the bottom of this question you will use Performance Testers Root Cause depth psychology facilities. In this section, you will re-run your test with additional data assembling tools engaged. The additional information will help you determine if you are facing a hardware or software issue and drill down to the root cause of the performance bottleneck. Engage resource monitoring Animated demo Would you like to see these steps demonstrated for you? me Show 1. 2. 3. Double-click the AdventureBuilderLoadTest schedule in the Test Navigator view.Revisit some of the additional execution controls on the schedule start by selecting the top node of the Schedule Contents again. Select the Resource Monitoring tab in the Schedule Element Details area. Resource mon itoring enables Performance Tester to log any system parameter from Windows perfmon, Unix or Linux rstatd, or Tivoli Monitoring. Rational Performance Tester Copyright IBM Corporation 1994, 2008. All rights reserved. Page 19 of 26 developerWorks ibm. com/developerWorks 4. 5. Check Enable resource monitoring. Click Add New to define a new server on which to monitor resources.Note that you may need to scroll down the right portion of the Performance Schedule view to see the button. In the Resource Monitoring window, enter localhost as the host name. Check Windows Performance Monitor. Note that in this trial environment, the Web server, application server, and Performance Tester system are all running on a single machine localhost. This is, of course, not a realistic situation. In a true performance testing environment, you can define any machines that might be part of your application or test system. Select the Resources tab. After a few seconds, you can see the extensive list of coun ters available.To keep it simple, deselect all counters except Memory Pages/sec and Processor % Processor Time. Click OK to close the Resource Monitoring window. 6. 7. 8. Engage Response Time dislocation 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Select the Response Time Breakdown tab in the Schedule Element Details area of the Performance Schedule. Check Enable collection of response time data. This enables Performance Testers response-time data collection infrastructure. Since you know the only test that actually visits the Checkout page is PurchaseIslandAdventure, select only that test. In the Options area, set the Detail level to High.Save the schedule by insistence Ctrl-S. Click the Run button on the toolbar again. Performance Tester launches the test just as before, but this time with resource monitoring and response-time breakdown collection engaged. Examine resource- employ data 1. While the performance schedule is executing, select the Resources tab Rational Performance Tester Page 20 of 26 Cop yright IBM Corporation 1994, 2008. All rights reserved. ibm. com/developerWorks developerWorks on the Performance Report. This time, youll see data for the resources you chose to collect in the schedule. Figure 21. The Resources tab on the Performance Report . The data you see here, although accurate, is not really representative of a typical load test. In this trial environment, the Performance Tester load generation, Web server, application server, and database server are all running on a single machine. You would normally track resources on each tier of your application. In addition, the load test you just ran was of very poor duration. Normally, performance tests will be significantly longer, allowing the systems to reach a steady state. Nonetheless, the trial system gives you a sense of how easy it is to track resource utilization during a performance test.If you have a concern, you can now go to the Response vs. Time Detail tab, right-click on the graph, and click Add/Remove Performance Counters to overlay resource counters onto page response data. This helps you visually correlate any spikes in resource utilization with page activity. Rational Performance Tester Copyright IBM Corporation 1994, 2008. All rights reserved. Page 21 of 26 developerWorks ibm. com/developerWorks 3. Since it doesnt appear that the performance issue with Adventure Builder is hardware related, use the response-time breakdown data to find out if it is software related.Examine the response-time breakdown data 1. 2. Select the Page Performance tab of the Performance Report. Drill down into what went on behind the scenes for the Checkout page. Right-click on the bar in the graph for the Checkout page and choose Display Response Time Breakdown Statistics. Select the /ab/checkout. do URL from the excerption Wizard and click Finish. The Response Time Breakdown Statistics view lists methods called on the server tiers of the Adventure Builder application. There are various ways to exam ine this information.Switch to the Tree Layout view using the Layout button in the upper-right corner of the view. Figure 22. The Tree Layout view 3. 4. Now sort by descending cumulative time by clicking twice on the Cumulative Time column header. Find the root cause of the problem The top node labeled rationaltd represents the machine. In this trial, all system-under-test and test-harness components are running on a single machine. In a real-world test, you would likely see multiple machines listed. The second-level node labeled J2EE/WebSphere is the WebSphere application server component.From the information here, you can quickly see that the J2EE facet type consuming the most cumulative time is the Servlet. 1. Expand the Servlet node and the com. sun. j2ee. blueprints. waf. controller. web package, and the Rational Performance Tester Page 22 of 26 Copyright IBM Corporation 1994, 2008. All rights reserved. ibm. com/developerWorks developerWorks MainServlet class nodes. This tells you that the four invocations of the doPost method in the MainServlet class consumed 42. 113 seconds. Note that your actual values will probably differ. Figure 23.Response time of the doPost method of MainServlet 2. Right-click the doPost method and choose Open Source. Well, what do you know you have located the source of your performance problem Figure 24. A sleep statement in the source code Section 8. Summary This tutorial has introduced you to IBM Rational Performance Tester. In a very terse time you were able to construct a test suite by recording a performance test for a Web application, customizing the test to randomize data upon playback, and using that test as part of a realistic performance test schedule.You executed that schedule on a small scale and used the near real-time reports to identify a slow page. Once you had identified the page, you gathered resource utilization data and response-time breakdown statistics, which you then used to investigate possible hardwar e and software causes. You then drilled down to the specific source code method causing the problem. Rational Performance Tester Copyright IBM Corporation 1994, 2008. All rights reserved. Page 23 of 26 developerWorks ibm. com/developerWorksWhile you may have learned a lot in this tutorial, you have only scratched the egress of what Performance Tester can do. As you continue to explore Performance Tester you will discover many more features to assist you in testing the performance of your applications and releasing them with confidence. See Resources to learn more about Performance Tester and other IBM software products covered in the Hello World tutorial series. Rational Performance Tester Page 24 of 26 Copyright IBM Corporation 1994, 2008. All rights reserved. ibm. com/developerWorks developerWorks ResourcesLearn The Hello World Rational Performance Tester (for downloadable trial code) is another version of this tutorial that is written for people who would prefer to set up the ir own environment, rather than use the online trial of Rational Performance Tester. The Hello World series of hands-on tutorials introduces IBM software products that play a critical role in implementing an SOA foundation in your enterprise. See the Rational Performance Tester product page for technical documentation, how-to articles, education, downloads, and product information about Rational Performance Tester. Using IBM Rational Performance Tester to find bottlenecks (David M. Chadwick, developerWorks, September 2006) presents a real-world case study in using Rational Performance Tester. IBM Rational performance testing solutions provide scalability and load testing for J2EE, Web-based, Siebel, Citrix, and SAP applications. Learn more about the IBM Rational Software Delivery Platform a complete set of tools to build, integrate, modernize, extend, and deploy software and software-based systems. Learn more about the Eclipse development environment.Get products and technolog ies Download a free trial version of Rational Performance Tester. Build your next development project with IBM trial software, available for download directly from developerWorks. Discuss Participate in the discussion forum for this content. About the author Dennis Schultz Dennis Schultz joined Rational in 1995 as a technical sales engineer. For octad years, he worked closely with numerous clients, implementing Rational solutions in their projects. Dennis helped deploy solutions for software configuration management, change management, requirements management, and test management and implementation.Since 2003, Dennis has been a Technical Marketing Engineer for Rational Performance Tester Copyright IBM Corporation 1994, 2008. All rights reserved. Page 25 of 26 developerWorks ibm. com/developerWorks IBM Rational software. Dennis holds a B. S. in computer engineering from Iowa call forth University. He is based in St. Louis, Missouri, and fills his non-work time with his four chi ldren. Rational Performance Tester Page 26 of 26 Copyright IBM Corporation 1994, 2008. All rights reserved.

Social Networking and College Athletes

Freedom of Speech in College Athletics Brent Schrotenboer argues that the news report of colleges is more important than the views and opinions of a student-athlete that attends such colleges. Student-athletes participating on the womens soccer team at San Diego State University were suspended for ring armouring strange pictures and stat drops on a affable networking site. They were warned by their coach that a punishment would be issued upon their continuance of posting such stat substance abuses about consuming alcoholic beverages and criticisms of the soccer program.The students did not heed their coaches warning and were thus penalized for it. The student-athletes felt that the punishment violated their fundamental right of alleviatedom of speech outlined in the Constitution. College administrators are desperately search for a solution to this ongoing problem that supports anyone to access the postings of college students and athletes alike. Some colleges allow the discre tion of college coaches to regulate their players social networking activities and others set regulations for all sports programs.The total prevention of the use of social media by college athletes should not be implemented by college administrators because alternative solutions exist such as programs that aid coaches in controlling students social activities, social media is a valuable tool for student-athletes to connect with their fans and the world, and criticism is a fundamental right declareed by any citizen of the fall in States.As the issue of social networking in the college environment additions in difficulty, solutions to this debate have been researched, and one potential aid to coaches is the development of applications to help monitor student-athletes social media postings. Medcalf explains that Varsity Monitor is a pixilated that provides a computer application that allows schools to filter and identify problematic social media activity (Policing). Applications su ch as Varsity Monitor can greatly increase the power of coaches in regulating what their athletes post without encroaching on the right of freedom of speech.These applications do not prevent the athletes from posting inappropriate statuses, yet they allow the coaches to filter the statuses and delete them if warranted. This does not take away the freedom of speech because once the posts are up anyone can see them, so the act of free speech is upheld. If the coaches do not want the statuses to be continued to be seen however, they have the magnate to delete them at their own discretion.The coaches should clearly include that the applications are being used in their code of conduct if one exists at the university or college so as to prevent discrepancies among players and coaches when the coaches use their application to delete a post. Social media is a very effective way for fans and peers of college athletes to connect with each other. It is also used to quickly convey news about t he team or college from the players to the fans which is considered vitally important to the recipients of the news because they want to support their favorite team.Bruce Feldman interviewed Matt Barkley, USCs starting quarterback who frequently uses twitter, and he stated Its my own words, my own thoughts that are coming directly from me, they (the media) cant twist your words, because thats exactly what you wrote (Social-media). The social networks allow the athletes to voice their own opinion that is not altered by the media because what they post is exactly in their own words and it is not relayed to the unexclusive by a separate news writer or analyst.This is a valuable aspect of social networking to college athletes because it solidifies their right of freedom of speech, and it allows their true opinion to be relayed directly to their fans. This also means that student-athletes must take responsibility for their own posts, and be aware that a negative response from their fan s and the public is a possible outcome in reaction to their posts. Criticism is an important compute included in the freedom of speech, and at times it can be very controversial.College athletes must be aware of what they post and they must consider if they post criticism that it may be risky. College coaches around the nation agree that student-athletes can be immature, and it is their responsibility to guide their players in what they say and do when in the public light. Zain Motani writes that we acknowledge that athletic departments and universities need to protect their brand, but at what point does this monitoring become Big Brother like and overstep the boundaries of what is and is not hunky-dory? (The Use of Social Media).Coaches should guide their players in what they say instead of over regulating their social networking policies in order to uphold the first amendment which includes the freedom of speech. galore(postnominal) colleges and universities agree that their re putations cannot be tainted under any circumstances and they will take any degree of action to prevent a scandal associated with their consider college. Many administrators have the opinion that the easiest way to prevent a scandal is to ban all social networking activity by student-athletes.Another policy that is being implemented at universities is that the players are required to give their passwords to their coaches. These policies violate the freedom of speech because it completely prevents players from expressing their own opinions. In this regard, college athletes are just like any citizen of the United States, and preventing them from using social networking sites takes away their constitutional right. The ongoing debate between coaches and their student-athletes seems monumentally difficult to resolve.Finding a solution that pleases both sides of the argument is a delicate procedure. upstart technologies should be researched that allow coaches and administrators to exerc ise their power of regulating what their athletes post without angering them. An application like Varsity Monitor can be implemented with improvements that give coaches the ability to monitor and regulate what their athletes post before they are submitted for the public to see unlike the present programs that only allow the deletion of already posted statuses and pictures.However, the use of these applications must be aware to the athletes and explained in detail in order to prevent misunderstanding between the two parties. Coaches can include what applications they are using and how they are using them in their original code of conduct that is signed by both coach and athlete. This can entirely prevent the posting of inappropriate statuses and pictures by student-athletes for good.

Palfinger Ag Case Study

Palfingers AG Property, Plant, and Equipment a. ) Palfingers property would include the property that they have to instal the forklifts and other large inventory that they have on. The equipment would include all equipment that is necessary to make the inventory that they sell such as the cranes. b. ) This material body represents the keep down of the plant, property, and equipment that Palfinger has. This number should be recorded as the historical cost that the plant, property and equipment was purchased at.This total number also has the total sum of amortized depreciation subtracted out to get the realise amount of PP&E that is put on the balance sheet c. ) In the nones to the financial avouchments, Palfinger reports the plant, property and equipment of the following Land and equipment Undeveloped creates and investments Plant and machinery Other plant, fixtures, fittings, and equipment Payments and assets under(a) construction d. Prepayments and assets under constr uction represents expenses that have prepaid for and assets that havent been finished yet. Because the assets arent completed and havent been used, they arent being depreciated. The reclassification comes from assignation of depreciation from the newly completed projects that now have been put to use. e. ) Palfinger depreciates its property and equipment by using straight-line depreciation over the prospective useful lives of the relevant assets.They divvy up 8-50 years on buildings, 3-15 years on plant and machinery, and 3-10 years on fixtures, fittings, and equipment. This policy does not seem reasonable because there is a short 8-year building useful life. Because of this, Palfingers ROA and EPS ratios are heavily impacted. f. You can both depreciate replacements investments, and value enhancing investments that are capitalized and depreciated over the new useful life or accepted useful life.The alternative method to this would be to just expense out the costs of renovations o r value enhancing investments. This way it is completely hit on the income statement, and is not shown on the balance sheet. g. ) i. According to the notes to the consolidated financial statements, Palinger bought $61,444 worth of new PPE in 2007. ii. There was a change of ($733) concerning political science grants. According to IAS 20 government grants for property, plant, and equipment are presented as reductions of the acquisition and/or manufacturing costs.When these are deducted from the account, it lessens the amount depreciated during the life of the acquired assets. iii. Depreciation expense for 2007 was $12,557. iv. Net book value of total disposed PPE, was $1,501 (Derived from $13,799 $12,298) h. ) To come the gain or loss Palfinger incurred, we compute their proceeds from the sale of PPE $1,655 and subtract it from $1,501 (net book value). This gives us a total gain of $154. i. ) i. Straight Line stratum Beg Dep. Exp Accum Dep. Ending Bal 1 $10,673 $1,880 $1,880 $8,79 3 2 8,793 1,880 3,760 6,913 3 6,913 1,880 5,640 5,033 4 5,033 1,880 7,520 3,153 5 3,153 1,880 9,400 1,273 ii. Double- declining- balance depreciation Year Beg Dep. Exp. Accum Dep. Ending Bal 1 $10,673 $4,269 $4,269 $6,404 2 6,404 2,562 6,831 3,842 3 3,842 1,537 8,368 2,305 4 2,305 922 9,290 1,383 5 1,383 110 9,400 1,273 . ) i. Net book value at end of year 1 is $8,793. Less what you received on the sale $7,500. Gives you a disposal loss of $1,293 using the straight-line method of depreciation. You because add the disposal loss from the previous years depreciation $1,880, which results in a total income statement impact of $3,173. ii. Using double- declining method, the first year ending balance of $6,404 is subtracted skeletal frame the proceeds of the sale netting in a gain of $1,096 on the disposal.Once this is subtracted form the previous years depreciation $4,269, you get a total income statement impact of $3,173. iii. The total income statement impact is exactly th e same. The computations turn out to be identical because it is essentially a backwards way of computing the initial cost of the asset of $10,673, minus the proceeds from the sale $7,500, which both gives you $3,173. The difference among the two is perception. One reports a gain on disposals, while the other reports a loss. k. ) Palfinger Palfinger Caterpillar Caterpillar 2007 2006 2007 2006 Net PPE 149,990 98,130 9,997 8,851 Total Assets 528,314 409,366 56,132 51,449 Common Size 28. 4% 24% 17. % 17. 2% Dep 12,557 9,980 1,797 1,602 Sales/Rev 695,623 585,205 41,962 38,869 Common Size 1. 8% 1. 7% 4. 3% 4. 1% This table shows that Palfinger has much more assets involved in PPE at 28. 4%, than does Caterpillar 17. 8%. l. ) Palfinger Palfinger Caterpillar Caterpillar 2007 2006 2007 2006 Sales or Rev 695,623 585,205 41,962 38,869 Avg. PPE 124,060 94,091 9,424 8,420 PPE turnover 5. 61 6. 22 4. 45 4. 2 turnover rate went down about 11% (5. 61/6. 22) for Palfinger, we also see the despite being less effective theyre still more efficient then Caterpillar by about 26% (5. 61/4. 45) in regards to PPE sales for every dollar spent. m. ) Depreciation, Amortization & Impairment expense1,960 Accumulated Depreciation & Impairment1,960 n. ) i. Due to the companies building location concept ii. Accumulated depreciation impairment1,755 Depreciation, Amortization, & impairment expense1,755 The credit is posted to an account the company has called revaluation reserve, if it is the initial write up. iii. 2007 Net Sales $695,623 Avg. PPE change 124,060 (1,755 x 0. 5) = 123,183 Turnover Adjusted 5. 65 The ratio has changed 5. 61 to 5. 65, which is not a very significant difference. Recalculating the impact of the write offs compared to the total net PPE is considered a minimal change for the company.

Inauguration Reactions: The Making of a Memory in January

As a baby boomer, I have seen and done legion(predicate) things during my 60 years in the world. I grew up to see technical innovations, the space race, and the transformation of the United States in the 1960s. I have traveled all(a)(prenominal) over the country as a child with a father, who was a career military man. I have even traveled the world during my scrimp as a Seaman. I have seen the hard life of the streets and walked the hallowed halls of the university, receiving a Masters in Criminal Justice, rough twenty-plus years ago.The events of my ancient tie into the major event I will soon see in my future, President-elect Barack Obamas Presidential Inauguration. I must admit that this milestone in our nations history brings to me pride, wonder, and nostalgia. Along with all these emotions, comes what a man like me finds hard to admit, fear. Barack Obama has been talking about change and I know all about and I have seen change, I have embraced it. I will embrace inauguratio n day with as much enthusiasm as I can, even though I am still filled will wonder.I must admit that the new transformation of the nation is difficult for me and umpteen like me. I grew up, as a young boy, to understand that the integrity of a military person was never to be questioned. It was an inconvenient truth in my twenties, during my own military experience to see the opposite. Many Vietnam veterans were not received and revered like the military men of my fathers wars. To me, McCain was the epitome of fearlessness and strength during that misunderstood war in Vietnam and to see the shift away from the extol that men like him deserve brought up many painful memories for me.I must add too, that I am white. But, color has never been an issue with me in this situation. Most of us, who remember the 60s, have evolved from pointless racism. As a man, though, who has seen the ins and outs of criminal justice, it is hard to blaspheme the integrity of an attorney. Most in the crimin al justice field feel similar. As an older person, as well, it is hard to trust the unfounded optimism of the youth and their vote. I remember when I was young and saw many activists hitting the streets in protest and to me it was simply chaos.But, then it was word of oral fissure grassroots campaigning while now technology has advanced us to internet activism and social networking. Some have even said the Obama won because of his lengthy internet presence. All of this is a wonder in itself. I must admit that some of the fear, too, comes from abandoning the tragedies of innovative men like Obama. I vividly recall the assassinations of both Kennedy brothers, Martin Luther King Jr. , and Malcolm X. When I hear reports of dissidents in the U. S. , I fear for this man, because I know that this can happen, because it has happened. I wonder if the youth esteem about that much.In closing, I would like to say that I was proud of both candidates that ran for President in 2008 and will be proud of Obama, when he takes the honor in 2009. I feel as if I am passing the torch into a new era, a torch that has been burning now for some years without me even realizing it. It will take a lot of acceptance and expectations for this new generation, but I am confident that they can handle the hot flash appointed not just to the President, but to them, as well. As long as the conception of honor and integrity stay always on the table, I can rest assured that the next four years will be memorable and momentous.

Accounting Standards in China and Australia

Until recently, chinaware has used a set of invoice standards that were quite unique in their records. These standards were the legacy of a collectivist period in Chinese history and rather than memory records of loss and profit for a corporation operating in China, they mainly concerned themselves with keeping fall into place of all of the assets available to the corporation.By not keeping close tabs on the debts that a corporation owes, the history standards in China have long been considered informal by the outside world and have hindered worldwide companies who wish to have headquarters in China.For instance, a corporation in China with holdings internationally, such as in the United States, must create end of the year explanation reports using the Chinese accounting Standards, another set using the internationalist Accounting Standards, and a third using the North American Generally Accepted Accounting Principles, creating an overload of work and an extreme cost to t he corporation.Recently the Finance Department of Chinese Government has begun a process which will translate the current Chinese accounting methods from their archaic status to where they will more closely mirror the International Accounting Standards which incorporate the Generally Accepted Accounting Principles.Previous to this decision to reform the way that Chinese corporations report their accounts, the Chinese system involved simply potpourri of ownership, industry, and government, giving companies an extreme amount of leeway in the ways in which they conducted business. Now the Chinese government has instituted that each corporation must keep track of all debits and credits, report manufacturing costs as well as capital maintenance, and provide yearly financial statements.The first true accounting standards in China were implemented in 1997 and changes continue to be made to bring the countrys financial practices up to date. Currently this transformation is still in progres s, so any foreign company with a subsidiary in China must still comply with not only their countrys accounting practices but also with the Chinese unfeigned line accounting practices which allow for a much slower depreciation of capitalized assets.For those wishing to not use the straight line method, the only way to use an accelerated accounting method with regards to Chinese holdings is to receive explicit permission from the Ministry of Finance. Another difference in Chinese accounting methods is the difference in tax deductibility.For instance, China charges significant tax charges on intercompany transactions and treats transfer pricing of the upmost importance in nightclub to receive a large cut of international taxes. Incorrect interpretation of Chinese tax laws can lead to severe fines for corporations.In Australia, the corporate accounting practices previously used have also come under fire in previous years for being widely different from internationally accepted accoun ting standards. In response, Australia began to work the internationally accepted accounting principles into their current system, effective January 1, 2000, and have also developed the Financial Reporting Council which is responsible for overseeing the accounting practices of two public and private corporations operating in Australia.The previously lax Australian reporting standards which did not require corporations to conform to one specific type of accounting practices nor give stringent guidelines in so far as what reports were required by the government are being phased out by the International accounting standards which allow Australia to develop along with the global economy.Australia has also instituted an Australian Accounting Standards Boards to periodically re-evaluate corporate accounting practices in Australia as well as lend oneself the new standards being phased in. Australia is working to harmonize their standards with those of the International Accounting Standard s Committee and is also a part of the G4+1 global group which monitors the setting of international accounting standards.Works CitedAustralian Government. (2009, May 5). Australian Accounting Standards Board. Retrieved May 5, 2009, from Australian Accounting Standards Board http//www.aasb.com.au/Home.aspxChina Accounting Standards. (2007, February 15). Retrieved May 5, 2009, from China Orbit http//www.chinaorbit.com/china-economy/chinese-accounting-standards.htmlLehman Brown. (2009, February 12). Chinese Accounting FAQ. Retrieved 5 May, 2009, from Lehman Brown http//www.lehmanbrown.com/FAQ-Acc.htmQueensland University of Technology. (2008, June 15). Accounting Standards. Retrieved May 5, 2009, from Queensland University of Technology Library http//www.library.qut.edu.au/learn/type/accountingstandards.jsp

Culture, Folkways Vs Mores Essay

CultureCulture consists of patterns, explicit and implicit, of and for mien acquired and transmitted by symbols, constituting the distinctive achievement of military personnel conventions, including their embodiments in artifacts the essential core of culture consists of traditional ideas and especially their attached values culture systems may, on the unitary hand, be considered as products of action, on the former(a) hand, as conditioning influences upon further action. Culture in its broadest sense is cultivated behavior that is the totality of a persons learned, accumulated experience which is socially transmitted, or more briefly, behavior through social learning.Folkways Vs MoresThe world is one, big community which is made up of several different societies that are distinct from one another. These societies have their own history, laws, beliefs, traditions, practices, customs, and ways of life. These make each federation different and shape how their people act. Even a na tion or country git have societies or ethnic companys that differ, each according to their own customs, traditions, and religions which they have followed from their ancestors. These beliefs, habits, practices, rules, customs, traditions, and manners are called by different names.They are called etiquette, decorum, propriety, values, virtues, folkways, and mores. While these toll may have similar meanings, they have different connotations. Folkways are shared customs or beliefs that have become part of the common culture of a group or hostelry. They are habits of a certain individual that has been generally accepted by society and which are followed by its other members. It is a term which was introduced in 1907 by William Graham Sumner, an American sociologist. He defined it as informal social conventions which have no moral importance but became the customary behavior of the group because of their repetition.They are the feelings, thinking, and actions which slowly developed a s men repeatedly use them to satisfy their basic needs. In time, these habits become widely accepted, constant, and more irresponsible becoming into a way of life and turning into folkways. Mores, on the other hand, are moral customs, manners, traditions, and conventions of a social group or society. They are the values, virtues, and norms of society that define how they should act and interact with each other. They are developed from the established practices of a group of people and not from their laws. Some of these practices may be sanction by society or not while others may be tolerated or not by members of the group. The term mores comes from the Latin word mores which means customs, manners, or morals. It has been used in the English language since the late 19th century. Summary1.Folkways are habits of individuals or of a group of people which have been accepted and followed by its members and eventually became accepted as a way of life while mores are moral customs and tra ditions that are shared by a group of people that makes up a society. 2.Folkways are informal social conventions with no moral significance while mores are social conventions that are morally significant. 3.Both terms were first used during the early 1900s. While the word mores comes from Latin, the word folkways was introduced by American sociologist William Graham Sumner. 4.Both folkways and mores were developed from the peoples habitual actions and not from societys laws folkways in a way are a certain type of mores. 5.While both folkways and mores instruct people on how they should act, mores, which represent the values of a group, are stricter while folkways are the feelings, thinking, and actions of a group and are less strict

Assessment Tool Analysis Essay

The purpose of this paper is to examine the tools that evaluate on-physical cadencys opus applying Watsons Theory of humankind caring that integrates the mind-body-spirit dimensions to the three sound judgment tools chosen. In this paper, I will describe each tool and the macrocosm for which it might be useful, assessment tool data such as cost, length and each in using the tool. I will also discuss the people at which it is best designed, and the validity of nurture gained. In addition, how this tool could enhance the assessment configuration of the nursing process and how it impact quality of health c are delivered by the nurse will be discussed. These assessment tools will be applied to stripling and teenage pregnancy chosen in Week Two in the Vulnerable Population and Self- awareness assignment.Definition of Assessment ToolsAssessment is the deliberate and systematic collection of data to determine the clients current and bygone health status and functional status an d to determine the clients impart and past coping patterns. Nursing assessment include two steps. The first step involves collection and validation of data from a primary source (the client) and secondary sources (e.g., family, health professionals, and medical record) (Potter & Perry, 2005). Assessment tools are the materials inevitable to establish data collection. Data collected may be subjective (clients perception) or documental (data measured by collector). Example of objective data includes clients body language, facial expression, racy signs e.t.c. The three assessment tools chosen for this paper are Beck depression Inventory, comprehend stress home and eudaemonia Picture Scale.Beck Depression InventoryThere are many assessment and diagnostic tools that either measureintelligence, aptitudes, achievements, and behaviors so it was no surprise when Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) was created in 1961 by Aaron T. Beck, a pioneer in cognitive therapy, with the sole purpos e of determining the severity and intensity level of the symptoms of depression. Depression Inventory is delineate as a validated measure that has been meansal in leading to numerous diagnoses due to its close to recent revisions that more closely resemble the diagnostic criteria for depression (Farinde, 2013). The Beck Depression Inventory is a astray utilized 21-item self-report outmatch in both clinical and research studies. The most recent version The Beck Depression Inventory-11 which is a completely self-administered format, is a depression rating that can be used in individuals that are ages 13 years and older, and rates symptoms of depression in terms of severity on a scale from 0 to 3 based on the 21 specific items.Patients that endorse multiple items on the questionnaire (i.e. sadness, pessimism, past failures, loss of pleasure, guilty feelings, punishment fears, self-dislike, and so forth) typically render higher score with a maximum score of 63 compared to former (a)s. For the general population, score of 21 or greater is associated with depression but for individuals who have been clinically diagnosed, scores from 0-9 represent minimal depressive symptoms, scores of 17 to 29 indicate moderate depression, and scores of 30 to 63 indicate severe depression (Farinde, 2013).Perceived Stress ScaleStress has vast been a major research concept in health science since it is linked to various health outcomes and illnesses, including cancer, diabetes, cardiovascular disease, asthma, and rheumatoid arthritis (Lee, 2012). The Perceived Stress Scale (PSS) is one of the more popular tools for measuring mental stress. It is a self- describe questionnaire that was designed to measure the degree to which individuals appraise situations in their lives are stressful. The Perceived Stress Scale items evaluate the degree to which individuals believe their life has been unpredictable, uncontrollable, and overloaded during the previous month. The assessment item s are general in nature rather than focusing on specific events or experiences (Lee, 2012).According to Lee (2012), the original instrument is a 14-item scale (PSS-14) that was developed in English, with 7positive items and 7 negative items rated on a 5-point Likert scale. Five years after the introduction of PSS-14, it was shortened to 10 items (PSS-10). A four-item PSS (PSS-4) was also introduced as a brief version for situations requiring a very short scale of telephone interviews and the PSS is currently translated into 25 languages other than English. The criterion validity of the PSS was evaluated only in a few studies the criteria used were all questionnaires that showed a lightheaded to moderate association, demonstrating unsatisfactory criterion validity (Lee, 2012).Well- world Picture ScaleThe theoretical framework that has command the investigation of welfare from a Rogerian perspective is based upon the observation and measurement of health-related variables that are unique to the perception of Unitary Human Beings. Rogerian-science derived principles and the concepts of well-organism. The term well-being, as a measure of health, is compatible with the concepts and variables that are unique to the breeding of knowledge (Reis and Alligood, 2008). The Well-Being Picture Scale is a 10-item non-language based pictorial scale that measures general well-being within the unique human environment field process. Each item on the scale has a numeric value of I to 7, with 70 being the maximum score possible and 10 being the lowest score possible. Higher scores indicate higher well-being. Conceptually, the instrument appraises the energy field in regard to frequency and intensity of movement, awareness of oneself as energy, action emanating from the energy field, and power as know participation in change within the mutual human and environmental energy field process.The WPS was reported by all participants to be easily understood (Reis and Alligood, 2008 ). This scale can be used by all individuals regardless of their ethnic groups. How these tools enhance the assessment phase and quality of health care utilise the Beck Depression Inventory in the assessment phase of the nursing process will facilitate and abet the treatment of depression in all ages. This assessment tool will aid the early diagnosing of depression and reduce further complications of depression. Depression is common in Adolescents who are undergoing stress as a result of pregnancy, low self-esteem and diseases. The nurse can affect the quality of health care delivered to patients by reassuring them and referring them toappropriate health care providers.Using Perceived Stress Scale in the assessment phase of the nursing process, the nurse is give able to identify patients at higher risk for stress, armed service these patients to identify and implement coping skills during difficult times. This process improves the quality of patient care and outcome. Pregnant ad olescent undergoes a significant amount of stress and challenges as a vulnerable population. Using the Well Being Picture Scale in the assessment phase of the nursing process, the nurse is better able to maintain a patients well-being and health. The nurse is able to detect if the patient is healthy or not. This is more of a primary prevention for patients of all ages. This assessment tool is mostly recommended for pregnant women. health care providers are able to follow up with patients to monitor their wellness or impact of diagnosis on their general health. Application of tools to Adolescent pregnancyAdolescent girls face pressures that are unique to their population and make them especially vulnerable. Girls carry disproportionate domestic world burden and are denied leadership opportunities and active agent community affairs (Bailey, 2012). These factors made the life of adolescent girls stressful and complicated which could cause depression. Beck Depression Inventory, Perc eived Stress Scale and Well-Being Scale are tools that can be used during the assessment phase of the nursing process in adolescents. Adolescent girls who become pregnant may develop depression while trying to balance school, child, work and relationships, thereby, making all three tools helpful to the nurse during initialInventory, Perceived Stress Scale and Well-Being Scale as assessment tools help facilitate better nurse-patient relationship and better care for our patientsReferencesAlligood, M. R., (2010). Nursing Theory Utilization and Application. (4th ed.). Retrieved from University of Phoenix eBook database Collection. Bailey, L. D., (2012). Adolescent Girls A Vulnerable Population. diary of Advances in Neonatal Care, 12(2), 102-106. Retrieved from http//search.serialssolutions.com.ezproxy.apollolibrary.com/?ctx_ver.. Farinde, A., (2013). The Beck Depression Inventory. The Pharma InnovationJournal, 2(1), 56-58. ISSN 2277-7695. Retrieved from http//www.thepharmajournal.com L ee, E. H., (2012). Review of the Psychometric Evidence of the Perceived Stress Scale. Journal of Asian Nursing Research, 6(4), 121-127. Retrieved from http//search.proquest.com.ezproxy.apollolibrary.com/docview/1507280852?pq-origsite=simmon Potter, P. A. & Perry, A. G. (2005). Fundamentals of Nursing. (6th ed.). MO Elservier Mosby Reis, P.J., and Alligood , M. R. (2008). Well-Being in Pregnancy a plot larn using the Well-being Picture Scale. Journal of Rogerian Nursing Science, 15(1), 8-17. Retrieved from http//av4kc7fg4g.search.serialssolutions.com.ezproxy.apollolibrary.com/?ctx_ver.